Divergence morphologique de deux populations de tilapia du Nil du Burkina Faso
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.64707/revstsna.v44i2.1974Mots-clés :
Tilapia du Nil , population naturelle , variabilité morphologique , sélection génétique , Burkina Faso.Résumé
Le tilapia du Nil, Oreochromis niloticus, présente une plasticité phénotypique remarquable due à sa large amplitude écologique. Espèce aquacole majeure, il fait l’objet de sélection génétique basée sur la variabilité phénotypique des populations naturelles. Cette étude visait à caractériser la variabilité morphologique de deux populations naturelles (lac Kou et lac Tengrela) dans le cadre de programmes de sélection de souches améliorées mis en œuvre au Burkina Faso. Pour chaque population, 50 spécimens ont été caractérisés morphologiquement en analysant 25 variables morphométriques, 6 variables méristiques et 4 indices biologiques. Des analyses univariées et multivariées ont permis d'identifier six variables morphométriques, trois paramètres méristiques et trois indices biologiques comme principaux facteurs discriminants entre les deux populations. Les résultats révèlent une base morphologique commune, mais des structures phénotypiques contrastées. En effet, la population du lac Tengrela a montré une forte homogénéité, suggérant une stabilité génétique et une réponse prévisible à la sélection. Elle offre ainsi une base favorable pour établir des lignées pures et produire des alevins homogènes, Par contre, la population du lac Kou a montré une variabilité intra-populationnelle significative, reflétant une adaptation écologique à petite échelle et un potentiel évolutif élevé. Cette diversité représente un précieux réservoir génétique pour améliorer la robustesse et la résilience des souches locales. Ces différences indiquent une complémentarité stratégique entre les deux populations. L’ensemble de ces résultats constitue une base de données importante pour orienter la sélection génétique de souches améliorées de tilapia du Nil au Burkina Faso.
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